Lead-Free Piezoelectrics.

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Covering a key contemporary issue in the piezoelectrics ceramics industry, this volume is a comprehensive overview of current research into materials and products that contain alternatives to lead, the use of which is becoming ever more restricted.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Priya, Shashank
Other Authors: Nahm, Sahn
Format: e-Book
Language:English
Published: New York, NY : Springer, 2011.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Piezoelectric ceramics.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Full-text access
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Part I: Domain Engineering and Phase Transformations
  • Chapter 1: Domain Engineering and Phase Transformations
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.1.1 Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties by an MPB
  • 1.1.2 Discovery of Bridging Monoclinic Phase in PZT Ceramics
  • 1.1.3 Phase Stability Dependence of Thermal and Electrical History in PMN-PT Single Crystals
  • 1.1.4 Polarization Rotation Theory and Ferroelectric Adaptive Phase Theory
  • 1.2 Domain Engineering and Phase Transformations in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials
  • 1.2.1 Background
  • 1.2.2 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-Based Solid Solutions
  • 1.2.2.1 Domain Hierarchy in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Single Crystals
  • 1.2.2.2 Influence of Mn-Doping on the Structure and Properties of NBT Single Crystals
  • 1.2.2.3 Influence of dc-Bias on Phase Stability in Mn-Doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-5.6at%BaTiO3 Single Crystals
  • 1.2.2.4 Domain Structure Evolution in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-x%BaTiO3 (NBT-x%BT, x=0, 4.5 and 5.5) Single Crystals
  • 1.2.3 Monoclinic MC Phase in [001] Field Cooled BaTiO3 Single Crystals
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Ferroelectric Domains and Grain Engineering in SrBi2Ta2O9
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 SBT Single Crystals: Flux Growth and Characterization
  • 2.2.1 Crystal Structure and Morphology
  • 2.2.1.1 X-Ray Topography Analysis
  • 2.2.2 Ferroelectric Domains, Twinning and Effective Disclinations
  • 2.2.2.1 Rocking Curves in a Wide Scanning Range
  • 2.2.2.2 Piezoresponse Force Microscopy: 180 and 90 Domains
  • 2.2.3 Anisotropy in the Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties
  • 2.2.3.1 Dielectric Characterization
  • 2.2.3.2 Ferroelectric Characterization
  • 2.2.3.3 Piezoelectric Characterization
  • 2.3 Grain Oriented SBT Ceramics by Templated Grain Growth
  • 2.3.1 X-Ray Characterization: Lotgering Factor
  • 2.3.2 Microstructure Evolution and Texture Analysis
  • 2.3.2.1 Nucleation of Anisometric Grains.
  • 2.3.2.2 Quantitative Texture Analysis
  • 2.3.3 Anisotropy of the Ferro/Piezoelectric Properties
  • 2.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • Part II: Alkali: Niobate-Based Ceramics
  • Chapter 3: Development of KNN-Based Piezoelectric Materials
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Processing of KNN-Based Ceramics
  • 3.3 Dopant Engineering
  • 3.4 Textured KNN Ceramics
  • 3.5 KNN-Based Thin Films
  • 3.5.1 RF Magnetron Sputtering
  • 3.5.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition
  • 3.5.3 Chemical Deposition
  • 3.6 KNN-Based Single Crystal
  • 3.7 Relationship Between Weight Ratio and Piezoelectric Response in Perovskites: A Guiding Path to Design New Piezoelectric Ma
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Low Temperature Sintering of the Alkali-Niobate Ceramics
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Low Temperature Sintering of the NKN-Based Ceramics Using Sintering Aids
  • 4.2.1 Low Temperature Sintering Mechanism and Piezoelectric Properties of the CuO-Added NKN-Based Ceramics
  • Outline placeholder
  • Sintering Mechanism of the CuO-Added NKN-Based Ceramics
  • Piezoelectric Properties of the CuO-Added NKN-based Ceramics
  • 4.2.2 Low Temperature Sintering of the ZnO and CuO Co-doped and V2O5-Added NKNCs
  • Outline placeholder
  • Low Temperature Sintering of the ZnO and CuO Co-doped NKNCs
  • Low Temperature Sintering of the V2O5-Added NKNCs
  • 4.2.3 Low Temperature Sintering of the NKNCs Using (K, Na)-Germanate, LiBO2, or Li2O Additives
  • Outline placeholder
  • Low Temperature Sintering of NKNCs Modified by (K, Na)-Germanate [23]
  • Low temperature Sintering of NKN-Based Ceramics using a LiBO2 Additive [24]
  • Low temperature Sintering of NKN-Based Ceramics using a Li2O Additive [25]
  • 4.2.4 Low Temperature Sintering of the NKN-Based Ceramics Using Excess Na2O Additive
  • Outline placeholder
  • Low Temperature Sintering of the Li-Modified NKN Lead-Free Ceramics [26].
  • 4.3 Low Temperature Sintering of the NKN-Based Ceramics Using SPS
  • 4.4 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Lead-Free KNN-Based Piezoelectric Materials
  • 5.1 Polycrystalline KNN-Ceramics
  • 5.1.1 Pure K1-xNaxNbO3 System
  • 5.1.2 Modified KNN Ceramics
  • 5.1.3 Processing of KNN Ceramics
  • 5.2 Textured KNN-Based Ceramics
  • 5.3 KNN-Based Single Crystals
  • 5.4 KNN-Based Films
  • 5.4.1 KNN Films Prepared by Chemical Deposition Techniques
  • 5.4.2 KNN Films Prepared by Physical Deposition Techniques
  • 5.4.3 Electrical Conduction Mechanisms in KNN Thin Films
  • 5.5 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Alkali Niobate Piezoelectric Ceramics
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Historical Review
  • 6.3 Recent Progress
  • 6.3.1 Sample Preparation of Alkali Niobate Ceramics
  • 6.3.2 Sinterability of Ceramics of KNbO3-NaNbO3-LiNbO3 Ternary System
  • 6.3.3 Dielectric and Piezoelectric properties of KNbO3-NaNbO3-LiNbO3 Ternary System
  • 6.3.4 Solid Solutions Between Alkaline Niobates and Other Perovskite Materials
  • 6.3.5 High Qm Characteristics of Alkali Niobate Ceramics
  • 6.3.6 Large d33 Alkali Niobate Piezoelectric Ceramics
  • 6.3.7 Multilayering
  • 6.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Influence of the A/B Stoichiometry on Defect Structure, Sintering, and Microstructure in Undoped and Cu-Doped KNN
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Undoped KNN Ceramics
  • 7.2.1 Challenges for Processing and Sintering
  • 7.2.2 Influence of A/B Stoichiometry in Undoped KNN Ceramics
  • 7.2.2.1 Sintering
  • 7.2.2.2 Structure and Microstructure
  • 7.2.2.3 Mechanisms of Interaction Between Densification and Formation of Microstructure
  • 7.3 KNN with Cu Additions
  • 7.3.1 Effects of Cu-Substitution in the KNN Lattice Substitution Mechanisms, Charge Compensation, and Their Consequences
  • 7.3.2 Ab Initio Thermodynamics of Cu Substitutionals in KNN.
  • 7.3.2.1 On Which Lattice Sites Do Cu Dopants Substitute?
  • 7.3.2.2 Which Defect Complexes of Cu Substitutionals and Oxygen Vacancies Are Stable?
  • 7.3.3 Experimental Evidence of Defect Centers from EPR
  • 7.3.3.1 Theoretical Background and Experimental Methods
  • 7.3.3.2 EPR-Analysis of the Defect Structure
  • 7.3.3.3 Impact of Defect Complexes on Domain Switching
  • 7.3.4 Influence of Low Level Cu-Doping on A/B Ratio, Sintering and Microstructure
  • 7.3.4.1 Method of Analysis
  • 7.3.4.2 Sintering Behavior of the KNN-Cu Ceramics
  • 7.3.4.3 Microstructure of the KNN-Cu Ceramics
  • 7.3.5 Effects in KNN-Cu from Formation of Secondary Phases
  • 7.3.5.1 Relations Between Secondary Phase Formation and A/B Stoichiometry in KNN
  • Methodology of Analysis Based on Linear Programming Technique of Mass Balance
  • 7.3.5.2 Properties in KNN-Cu Along with Variation of the Cu-Dopant Level
  • Phase Formation and Sintering
  • Microstructure of Secondary Phases
  • Piezoelectric Properties
  • 7.4 Summary
  • References
  • Part III: Sodium Bismuth Titanate-Based Ceramics
  • Chapter 8: Sodium Bismuth Titanate-Based Ceramics
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 [BNT] [14, 15, 18, 37, 54-56]
  • 8.3 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 - (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 - BaTiO3 [BNT-BKT-BT]
  • 8.4 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 - SrTiO3 [BNT-ST] [63]
  • 8.5 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 - (Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3 - (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 [BNT-BLT-BKT] [43, 67]
  • 8.6 (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 [BKT] [8, 36, 81]
  • 8.7 (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 - BaTiO3 [BKT-BT] [8, 82, 83]
  • 8.8 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Perovskite Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Enhanced Piezoelectricity-PZTs
  • 9.3 Lead-Free Perovskites
  • 9.4 Barium Titanate
  • 9.5 BNT-Based System
  • 9.6 KNN and Modified KNN System
  • 9.7 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Processing and Properties of Textured BNT-Based Piezoelectrics
  • 10.1 Introduction.
  • 10.2 Brief Description of Preparation Method
  • 10.3 Selection of Reactive Template and Batch Formulation
  • 10.4 Preparation of Reactive Template Particles
  • 10.5 Tape Casting
  • 10.6 Calcination
  • 10.7 Cold-Isostatic Pressing
  • 10.8 Sintering
  • 10.9 Improvement of Piezoelectric Properties
  • 10.10 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Crystal Growth and Electric Properties of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 Single Crystals
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Crystal Growth of NBBT Single Crystals
  • 11.2.1 Polycrystalline Material Synthesis
  • 11.2.2 Crystal Growth of NBBT
  • 11.3 Composition Dependence of NBBT Crystal Structure
  • 11.4 Electric Properties of NBBT Crystals
  • 11.4.1 Dielectric Properties
  • 11.4.2 Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Properties
  • 11.5 Electric Properties of Mn-Doped NBBT95/5 Crystal
  • 11.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 12: Nonstoichiometry in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 Ceramics
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Preparation and Characterization
  • 12.3 Nonstoichiometry by Means of A-Site Intrinsic Disorders in (Bi0.5+xNa0.5+y)TiO3
  • 12.4 Nonstoichiometry by Means of B-Site Extrinsic Doping in (Bi0.5Na0.5)(Ti1-zDz)O3
  • 12.5 Electrical Conduction
  • 12.6 Summary
  • References
  • Part IV: Bismuth Layer Structured Ferroelectric
  • Chapter 13: Resonator Characteristics of Bismuth Layer Structured Ferroelectric Materials
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Resonance Characteristics of BLSF for Oscillator Applications
  • 13.2.1 Materials for Resonators of Signal Processor Applications
  • 13.2.1.1 Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of BLSF
  • 13.2.2 Vibration-Mode Selection for Oscillator Application
  • 13.2.3 TE2-Mode Vibration Generated by Double Layer Structured Plate of BLSF Ceramics
  • 13.2.3.1 Sample Preparation for Layered Ceramic Resonator
  • 13.2.3.2 Compositional Optimization for SBN-Based Ceramic Materials.
  • 13.2.4 TS1-Mode Vibration of Oriented BLSF Ceramics.

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